CYBERRELIGION: FIRST RESULTS OF A NEW RESEARCH PROJECT
(Birgit Staemmler)
The following presentation is the second part of a joint presentation given by Iris Wieczorek and Birgit Staemmler at the EAJS-conference in Lahti, Finland, August 23-26, 2000 under the joint Religions (in) Changing Japan. It was not the outcome of a joint research project, but the joint results of two independent projects: Iris Wieczoreks PhD project on New Religious Movements in Japan: An Empirical Analysis of Socio-political Engagement on the one hand; and on the other hand the new project on Japanese Religion on the Internet of the Japanese Department at Tübingen University. Both projects are concerned about contemporary religion: Iris Wieczorek was asking why people participate in new religious movements, and Birgit Staemmler was looking at what religious organisations offer to Internet users and potential members. Combining both approaches offered some insights into the religious world today: what is demanded, what is offered, why do people join and which organisation do they join.
At the conference Iris Wieczorek in her paper first presented an outline of her PhD project and introduced the questionaire survey she had devised for it. She then focussed on the answers members of the Shinnyoen, the GLA and the Kôfuku no Kagaku gave to questions concerning social and personal issues they considered problematic. After her paper Birgit Staemmler presented some data on Internet use in Japan, introduced the project on Japanese religions on the Internet at Tübingen, and then focussed on the official websites by the same new religious movements Iris Wieczorek had interviewed looking at the same issues of social and personal problems and the solutions offered.
The online version contains Birgit Staemmlers paper only as both halves of the presentation are complete entities by themselves.
Data about Internet use in Japan as elsewhere is very difficult to assess, because figures differ considerably depending on who was asked and how questions were phrased, whether, for instance, an Internet user is defined as someone who used the Internet within the last month, as for example Nikkei Mâketto Akusesu does, or as someone who used the Internet at least once in his life.
As elsewhere the number of Internet users in Japan rises continually, although the standard costs of private Internet usage in Japan are still higher than in Europe or North America.1
This June the number of Internet users in Japan lay somewhere between 16,4 according to Media Metrix2 and 19,4 Millions according to Access Media International3, that is between 13,3% and 16,5% of the population. The numbers for North American and for Central and Northern European states are higher than those for Japan, but again, it is difficult to compare these figures.
Some recent developments are of interest:
1. The majority of Internet users still is between 20 and 40 years of age. The percentage of women using the Internet, however, has risen to 37% of all Internet users in Japan as opposed to 27% two years ago and 4,4% in summer 1995. The single most important group of female users are full-time housewives with 24,6% in January 1998.4
2. The percentage of Internet users with only average schooling is increasing. Using the Internet is no longer the privilege of highly educated people, although they still present a majority. Similarly the Internet is no longer used predominantly in the academic or technical context. Rather, besides sending or receiving e-mails, for two thirds of the men and three quarters of the women the main purpose for Internet usage is leisure.5
3. The percentage of people using the Internet at work or in universities has decreased. Two thirds of the Internet users now have their own computers and access the Internet from home. Only one year after the i-mode service, that is e-mail and internet browsing via mobile phone, had been introduced in May 1999, 6,8 Million Japanese are now using this service. This is a remarkable increase partly due to the i-mode service being very simple to use.6
The significance of the Internet in Japan as in other industrial societies is thus continually increasing.7 Of 1530 religious sites registered with Yahoo Japan 129 are Shintô, 545 Buddhist and 725 Christian. These are only a small part of all the religious sites on the Japanese Internet, however. New religions, which frequently have more than one relevant site, for instance, are hardly represented at all: of the nine sites analysed for this paper only the IRHPresss site is registered with Yahoo.8 We hope to arrive at some more reliable figures through our research project in Tübingen.9
| 3. |
Introduction to the cyberreligion research project |
Self-representation and self-understanding of religious communities on the Japanese Internet the WWW as a source for Japanese Studies is the title of a research project that was started at the Japanese Department of the University of Tübingen in Germany. The project began last December and is sponsored by the German Research Council. It will continue for another year and a half and will hopefully be extended for one additional year. The project is supervised by Professor Klaus Antoni; Petra Kienle and myself are the two research fellows; and we have two official and two voluntary junior assistants. This presentation is as much the result of their work as it is of mine.
The aim of the project is threefold: The first aim is to find out to what extent the Japanese Internet may be regarded as a source for empirical research on Japan. The second aim is to provide a solid and easily accessible platform for research on Japanese religions through our website on the Internet. The third aim is to study the conception Japanese religions have of themselves by looking at the way they represent themselves on the Internet.
Our findings of the past eight months have convinced us that the Internet may and must be regarded as a source for Japanese Sudies as long as one bears in mind that it is only one of many sources and that it is mainly a primary source. Taking the Aum Shinrikyô as an example one may find websites by or sympathetic to Aleph the Aum Shinrikyôs new name. But there are also sites highly critical of Aum Shinrikyô, as for instance the site of the Kanariya no Kai, which is a selfhelp group of former Aum members. There are secondary sources such as the CESNURs site or part of the Asahis site trying to impartially present the available data. And finally there are unnumerable sites of individual people venting their private feelings about Aum Shinrikyô.10 Thus, the variety of voices and the topicality of the pieces of information presented make the Internet into a valuable source.
Much of our time has so far gone into our second aim providing a platform for research, that is to design lists and fill them with collections of links to websites by and on Japanese religions. The number of such websites is immens. We, thus, devided Japanese religions into standard categories, such as Shintô, Buddhism etc., and subdivided these categories again until such levels as would yield managable lists of links. (go to our JapanCyberReligion-Catalogue). Christianity, for instance, we subdivided into 15 denominations partly because these denominations offer easy dividing lines. But also because apparently nearly half of all religious websites in Japan are Christian.11 Shintô on the other hand is very hard to divide into schools, so we will have to arrange most websites of individual shrines geographically.
Within the lists links are again assembled into goups and therein arranged alphabetically. Each entering contains the websites name in romaji and kanji, the URL, that is the Internet-address, and a short description of the site. This here is a list compiled especially for this presentation, so it differs from our standard lists in that it is not strictly alphabetic and that the explanations are in English. Generally our link-collections should enable someone looking for, lets say, a certain Zen temple to find the entering in our list and decide whether the site contains any useful information.
Of course our collections of links are nowhere near finished! As addresses and contents of sites change frequently, we will also have to update them continually. Nonetheless, we are convinced that our lists will be very helpful for those researching, studying or just reading up on Japanese religions. We have put online our first few collections of links and are happy about any comments, hints or criticism. Our Internet address is: http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/cyberreligion.
Parallel to collecting links we have also started work on our third goal, the qualitative analysis of the religious websites. We have nearly completed designing a formular with which to describe websites in detail. It covers data on the organisation designing the website, on structure, layout and graphics of the site, on the textual information presented, on interactivities offered, and on the language the site is presented in. All the data gained through this formular will be fed into one database, thus enabling us to compare websites with regard to certain aspects. The database will be done in TUSTEP, a programme developed at Tübingen University.12 The data will all be made available on the Internet. Based on these data and parallel to producing more data we will next year enter into thorough, qualitative analyses of websites by Japanese religious organisations.
| 4. |
Analysis of websites by three new religions (Shinnyoen, GLA and Kôfuku no Kagaku)
|
The third part of my presentation is dedicated to the official websites of the three new religious movements Iris Wieczorek had introduced. I chose these religious movements to enable us to compare results, although my results are necessarily still preliminary. Incidentally, apart from the Shinyoens Kiyosato Museum of Photographiy Art all of these movements began their Internet activities in the second half of 1999, which is considerably later than many other new religious movements. Official websites are those run by the organisation itself, as opposed to private websites run by individual members or other individual persons.
The Shinnyoen is a Buddhist new religious movement founded in 1936 by Itô Shinjô (, 1906 -1989). Its official sites are: the Shinnyoen's main site under the heading of its online magazine Kokoro (shinnyo-en.or.jp [10.7.2000])13, two smaller sites by the Itô Foundation (itofound.or.jp [10.7.2000]) and the Univers Foundation (univers.or.jp [10.7.2000]) and one big site by the Kiyosato Museum of Photographic Art (comlink.ne.jp/~kmopa [10.7.2000]).
The GLA , God Light Association, is a syncretistic new religious movement founded in 1968 by Takahashi Shinji (, 1927-1976). The GLA has one main site (gla.or.jp [26.6.2000]), one site by a foundation named Total Life Medicine (tl-medicine.com [4.8.2000]) and another by its publisher Sanpô Shuppan (sampoh.co.jp [4.8.2000]).
The Kôfuku no Kagaku , Institute for Research in Human Happiness, is a syncretistic new religious movement founded in 1986 by Ôkawa Ryûhô (, born 1956). The Kôfuku no Kagakus main site is that of its publisher IRHpress (irhpress.co.jp [4.8.2000]); besides, it runs a tiny site announcing the release of Ôkawas main book as a film this October (taiyonoho.com [10.8.2000]).
These official websites of Shinnyoen, GLA and Kôfuku no Kagaku may vaguely be classified as either internal, external or commercial. Internal topics comprise issues which relate primarily to the organisation itself and its active members, such as explanations of doctrine, accounts of rituals and ceremonies, or the descriptions of founders spiritual experiences etc. External topics are doctrinal ideas translated into activities outside of the organisation as such and relating to other parts of society. Commercial sites are those aiming at selling their products to Internet users. Of course the distinctions are not always unambiguous, but they are not arbitrary either as the results will show.
Contents:
|
Internal |
External |
Commercial |
| Shinnyoen |
|
|
|
| Itô Foundation |
|
|
|
| Univers Foundation |
|
|
|
| Photo Museum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GLA |
|
|
|
| Total Life Medicine |
|
|
|
| Sanpô Publ. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IRH Press |
|
|
|
| Taiyô no Hô (Film) |
|
|
|
The Shinnyoen has both internal and external elements in its main website. It contains an introduction to the doctrine and descriptions of performances of the goma fire ritual and a spectacular peace prayer, for instance, as well as reports about cleaning the bed of the Tama River, about donations of schoolbags to Cambodian children or about helping victims of the Kôbe earthquake. There is no commercial part to this site.
Shinnyoens two minor sites run by its two foundations, introduce the commercial aspect in a reverted form: they offer scholarships to students studying abroad and to research or activities centering on the elderly. The photo museums site clearly has both cultural, i.e. external, and commercial aspects.
The GLAs three official websites cover basiaclly one aspect each: the main site is nearly entirely internal, presenting the GLAs history and highly psychological doctrine; the Total Life Medicine-site applies the doctrinal ideas to medicine and healing professions; the Sanpô-publishers site introduces and sells books by the founder Takahashi Shinji and the present leader Takahashi Keiko.
Both of the Kôfuku no Kagakus two official sites are primarily commercial.14 The site of the IRHpress has the introduction and possible sale of Kôfuku no Kagakus publications as its main purpose. But, whereas two thirds of Ôkawas books and the new film address internal, religious topics, two thirds of the articles in the magazine Liberty whose headlines and summaries are listed, address external, social topics, thus these two aspects are touched upon as well.
The central question we intended to ask of the religious movements official sites was, whether they voiced concern for the same problems their members did. I did a check list count of problems referred to based on questions in Iris questionaire, but although the sites admit that problems exist, they rarely specify the concrete nature of these problems. Thus they leave room for individual Internet users to fill the blanks with their own specific problems.
The Shinnyoens site refers to personal problems only in the interviews contained in its online-magazine. These issues are not concerns about the future, but immediate problems that once triggered the individuums joining Shinnyoen. More general social or political issues addressed are pollution, poverty in developing countries, lack of peace, and earthquakes or other catastrophes. These issues are presented in the context of concrete projects aiming at their solution. The Shinnyoens minor sites, too, illustrate some of its attempts at alleviating specific social problems.
The GLAs main site is extremly vague in its phrasing. Apart from the medical application addressed in the site of Total Life Medicine no concrete social or political problems are named. The main site contains personal narratives and introductions of or reactions to books which mention various concrete individual problems, such as loneliness, unruly children or death of a close relative. The core problem is generally understood to be the persons own inner self. And, although generally future is a central issue, it is stressed that any solution to individual problems or the general misery of the 20th century must necessarily start with personal introspection and changes in the individuals attitudes following a methode of introspection devised by Takahashi Keiko.
Kôfuku no Kagakus sites address issues of individual happiness where Ôkawas books address them. Besides, the summaries of the magazines articles regularly cover social, economic, medical, educational and scientific topics as well as those of religion and self-development. Discussion of these issues or solutions to problems, however, are not offered online, but only to those purchasing the book or magazine. Since half of Ôkawa Kyôkos publications Ôkawa Ryûhôs wife concern matters of education, education is covered more extensively here than in sites of the other two religions.
Besides the contents of the site, a second aspect that absolutely needs to be looked into is the practical value of the information given in the websites, that is what kind of information is offered to the Internet user and in which way is it presented. A highly abbridged version of our projects descriptive formular will help to clarify this aspect.
Presentation:
|
Keywords |
Language |
Audio |
|
Structure |
Topicality |
| Shinnyoen |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
++ |
+ |
| Itô Foundation |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
+ |
+ |
| Univers Foundation |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
+ |
+ |
| Photo Museum |
5 |
English |
--- |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GLA |
--- |
--- |
yes |
|
+ |
+ |
| Total Life Medicine |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
--- |
--- |
| Sanpô Publ. |
8 |
--- |
--- |
|
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IRH Press |
14 |
Eng. + 3 |
--- |
|
+ |
+ |
| Taiyô no Hô (Film) |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
O |
+ |
| |
|
|
|
| no / not good |
some |
yes / good |
very much so |
The first table illustrates some aspects of the sites presentation:
a) Only the three mainly commercial sites use keywords to facilitate being found through search-engines.
b) Only the main Kôfuku no Kagaku-site and the museums site contain languages other than Japanese and catch phrases in English. The sections in English and German, French and Portuguese for the Kôfuku are much shorter than those in Japanese, however.
c) Only the GLAs main site uses music with its front-page.
d) and e) The Shinnyoens main site appears most professionally structured, whereas the GLAs Total Life Medicines site appears clumsy and the events it announces took place one year aog, indicating that this site is not considered very important. My assessment of structure and topicality here is entirely subjective as no objective criteria have yet been developed. This is clearly important, however, and will need to be attempted in the future.
The following tables illustrates aspects of interaction. We need to distinguish between information leading to interaction in real life, such as giving an address, so people can go and visit; interaction that is partly online, partly offline, such as buying things without meeting anybody; and finally virtual interaction which is online only, such as writing e-mails or using an external link.
Real Life Interactivity:
|
Address |
Roadmap |
Dates |
| Shinnyoen |
yes |
--- |
--- |
| Itô Foundation |
yes |
--- |
deadlines |
| Univers Foundation |
yes |
--- |
deadlines |
| Photo Museum |
yes |
several |
entry/exhibition |
|
|
|
|
| GLA |
yes |
--- |
public lectures |
| Total Life Medicine |
yes |
--- |
out of date |
| Sanpô Publ. |
yes |
--- |
public lectures |
|
|
|
|
| IRH Press |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Taiyô no Hô (Film) |
--- |
--- |
film release |
a) Only the Kôfuku no Kagaku does not mention its address or telephone-number. As the second Kôfuku no Kagaku-site only announces a film, a real-life address may indeed be unnecessary.
b) Only the photo museums site has a road map, indicating that its main purpose is to have people come and visit.
c) Some of the sites give dates for events: the GLA for huge public lectures by Takahashi Keiko, the Shinnyoens two foundations for deadline of applications, the photo museum for opening hours and exhibitions.
Mixed Interactivity:
|
Prices |
Shopping |
Membership |
| Shinnyoen |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Itô Foundation |
scholarship |
--- |
--- |
| Univers Foundation |
" / books |
--- |
--- |
| Photo Museum |
yes |
--- |
yes |
|
|
|
|
| GLA |
membership |
--- |
infos only |
| Total Life Medicine |
membership |
--- |
infos only |
| Sanpô Publ. |
books |
directly |
--- |
|
|
|
|
| IRH Press |
books |
via @mall |
--- |
| Taiyô no Hô (Film) |
--- |
--- |
--- |
a) Prices are noted either for membership, entrance fees or for publications by most of the sites, apart from the Shinnyoens main site as the Shinnyoen does not sell books to non-members.
b) Online shopping is offered by the two publishers, although the Kôfukus IRHpublisher refers buyers to @mall, an online shopping company, while the GLAs Sanpô publisher manages the orders itself.
c) Becoming a member is not possible online in any of these sites, apart from the museums society of friends. Interaction in real life is obviously considered a necessary requirement for membership in most cases.
Virtual Interactivity:
|
Magazine |
Activity |
Chat |
BBS |
E-mail |
Links |
| Shinnyoen |
Kokoro |
oracle |
--- |
--- |
yes |
5 intern |
| Itô Foundation |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Univers Foundation |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
1 extern |
| Photo Museum |
old exibit. |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
6 extern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GLA |
Now |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
2 intern |
| Total Life Medicine |
outline |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
1 intern |
| Sanpô Publ. |
started |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
2 intern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IRH Press |
outline |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
1 intern |
| Taiyô no Hô (Film) |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
yes |
4 extern |
a) The Shinnyoen and the GLA have an online magazine which makes it reasonably easy to update parts of the site with reports of events. Neither of these magazines contain information on oncoming events, however. The museum does not have a magazine, but a database on previous exhibitions, their artists and exhibits.
b) Only the Shinnyoens main page offers virtual activity: Clicking on the link to one of several areas of life selects at random one of about eight short pieces of advice each. The Shinnyoens site also contains an online-questionaire with a prize-draw.
c) und d) None of the sites offers either a chat-room or a Bulletin Board System, thus communication between users is not one of their objects.
e) Apart from the Itô Foundation, all sites give an e-mail address. This seems to have become a standard means of online communication.
f) Apart from Kôfuku no Kagakus site announcing the new film and linking onto the film producers site and the museum linking onto cultural facilities in the vicinity none of the other sites presents external links apart from those leading to their own religions other sites. Although the Shinnyoen offers links from its main site to its minor sites, there are none the other way round. One has to read the small print to recognise the connection between the Itô and Univers foundations or the Photo Art Museum and Shinnyoen or between Total Life Medicine and the GLA.
Together these two aspects main focus of the sites contents and the practical information offered offer considerable insights into the purpose behind the sites and the way they function, although at this stage of our project results necessarily remain tentative and will be taken up again at some later stage:
1. None of these official sites aims directly at converting new members. Most new religious movements recruit through word of mouth using preexisting social networks. Impersonal contacts as offered by the Internet hardly suffice to establish lasting relationships between religious organisations and potential members.15 The Internet can, however, arouse awareness of and possibly interest in religious organisations and thus prepare the soil for later conversion through personal contacts.
2. In the case of the Kôfuku no Kagaku, having read Ôkawas books is the central reason why people join, thus it is not surprising that the Kôfuku no Kagakus main interest in the Internet is the introduction and sale of these books. Neither address nor telephone-number are given, possibly because neither are considered necessary if recruiting is based on reading books first. Interestingly only Kôfuku no Kagakus extrovert, socially involved magazine Liberty has been put online, the more religiously orientated introvert magazine has not.
3. The target group of the Shinnyoens and the GLAs main sites are non-members or estranged members. Neither site offers either a chat-room or a Bulletin Board System which might serve as means of communication between members. Neither do they offer information such as time and place of next months prayer meetings which would be helpful for active members. The target group of the Kôfuku no Kagakus site may be members wishing to purchase new publications as well as people just surfing the Internets religious world.
4. Of all these sites only the Shinnyoens main website makes thorough use of the Internets possiblities. While the GLAs site hardly differs from the brochures it distributes to non-members, and the Kôfuku no Kagakus site offers little more than any catalogue for mail-order sale, the Shinnyoens site contains many so-called sensational elements16: a questionaire with prizes to win, video-clips of television-programmes, a lottery with pieces of advice. It is a fun site to go, obviously aiming at having people visit it recurrently and maybe becoming interested eventually.
At this stage of course many questions remain unanswered, some of which can only be tackled through interviews with those in charge of the religions websites:
1. Why does the Shinnyoen choose pastel colours for its site as well as for many issues of its magazines?
2. Do these religious movements have restricted websites for internal use besides the sites publically available? We know that some religious organisations do.17
3. Why does the Kôfuku no Kagaku of all new religious movements not publish a more substantial website although they are otherwise very much up to date and into media?18
1. In 1999 five times as many people in the United States of America as in Japan used the Internet although the States have only twice as many inhabitants as Japan. Cf.:http://www.fujitsu.co.jp/hypertext/fri/cyber/data/user.html [8.6.2000]
For Internet costs cf. the entry for Febuary 10, 2000 at Japan-Web.De:
http://www.japan-web.de/news [21.6.00]
2. MediaMetrix data are quoted at Japan-Web.De for June 9, 2000. See: http://www.Japan-web.de/news.php3 [21.6.2000]
3. These figures are quoted at: http://www.nua.ie/surveys/?f=VS&art_id=905355837&rel=true [14.6.2000]
4. Cf. the detailed statistics of the WWW Usage Survey: http://www.csj.co.jp/www7 [8.6.2000]. It is very difficult to find detailed statistical material younger than this as most topical surveys offer general data only.
MediaMetrix and Jupiter Communication reported on August 10, 2000 that 50,4% of US-American Internet users were female. Cf.: http://www.nua.ie/surveys/index.cgi?f=VS&art_id=905355965&rel=true [28.8.2000]
5. Cf.: http://www.csj.co.jp/www7 für Januar 1998 [8.6.00].
6. See two paragraphs in Japan-Web.De of March 17, 2000 and June 7, 2000 respectively: http://www.Japan-web.de/news.php3 [21.6.00]. Cf. also the article in the Seattle Times of May 29, 2000. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nationworld/html98/keit29_20000529.html [28.8.2000]
7. Two years ago about 20% of the Japanese Internet users had their own website. Cf.: http://www.csj.co.jp/www7 für Januar 1998 [8.6.00]
8. Cf. http://dir.yahoo.co.jp/Society_and_Culture/Religion/Faith_and_Practices [20.8.00].
9. For more statistical data cf. Petra Kienles Die Nutzung des Internet in Japan, part 2 of the presentation Interkulturelle Kommunikation und Internet - Das WWW als Quelle japanologischen Arbeitens given on June 16, 2000.
10. For more details and URLs of Aum Shinrikyô related sites see my Das Internet als japanologische Quelle am Beispiel der Aum Shinrikyô, part 4 of the presentation Interkulturelle Kommunikation und Internet - Das WWW als Quelle japanologischen Arbeitens given on June 16, 2000.
11. Cf. http://dir.yahoo.co.jp/Society_and_Culture/Religion/Faith_and_Practices [20.8.00].
12. For Information on TUSTEP see: http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/zdv/tustep/index.html
13. The links here refer to offline copies of the respective sites saved between June 26, 2000 and August 10, 2000 in preparation for this presentation. For up to date online links to these sites please refer to the Lahti-link collection.
14. I have only looked at the Japanese version of this and the photo museums sites as the other sites are in Japanese only.
15. Dawson, Lorne/ Jenna Hennebry. New Religions and the Internet: Recruiting in a New Public Space. Journal of Contemporary Religion 14/1 (January 1999), 17-39; especially pp. 26-30.
16. Ho, James. Evaluating the World Wide Web: A Global Study of Commercial Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated-Communication 3/1 (June 1997). http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/ho.html [7.7.2000]
17. Sites or sections of sites for members only are run by the Jehovas Witnesses (http://www.interq.or.jp/www-user/inko/ [28.8.2000]), for instance, and by the Italian branch of the Sôka Gakkai (http://www.isg.it [28.8.2000]).
18. Some possible answers might be that the Kôfuku no Kagaku considers itself already known widely enough to make Internet usage superfluous; that as one article of the magazine Liberty of July 2000 indicates Ôkawa does not approve of too much information and information technology since it destroyed peoples peace of mind; that Ôkawa prefers people to come to the Kôfuku no Kagakus offices rather than read about it on the Internet; or that Ôkawa has become more careful in his puplic appearances as he has repeatedly been criticised for them.
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